The brain has the ability to adapt to new sensory experiences, physiological changes, and injury; a process referred to as neuroplasticity. A growing body of evidence shows that neuroplasticity is not only evident during the developmental period but also preserved in the adult brain. Neuroplasticity in the adult brain manifests as cross-modal or topographic reorganization observed following sensory loss. However, the nature and underlying neural mechanisms of this reorganization are still poorly understood. Especially, the physiological reasons for the changes occurring in the brain after sensory loss, and their functional significance, are still not fully understood. Furthermore, the behavioral correlations of the functional changes occurring in the brain have not been fully explored. This review article aims to summarize the current state of studies investigating the functional and structural neural changes observed in the adult brain following sensory loss, along with the accompanying changes in behavior. For this purpose, the first section focuses on studies of topographic reorganization, exploring neural changes and potential reasons associated with sensory loss. In the second section, studies investigating behavioral changes after sensory loss are reviewed, and the functional benefits of these changes are discussed. The conclusion section highlights the current gaps and limitations in the literature and emphasizes the importance of conducting further research.